Mpox, formerly known as Monkeypox, has seen a concerning resurgence in 2024, raising alarms among global health authorities. The World Health Organization (WHO) has been closely monitoring the situation, emphasising the need for rapid response and preventive measures. This essay delves into the causative agent, symptoms, consequences, prevention, and the response from WHO regarding the Mpox outbreak in 2024.

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Causative Agent

Mpox is caused by the monkeypox virus, a zoonotic virus belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus (the cause of smallpox). The monkeypox virus is an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus that has been circulating in Central and West African regions. However, the 2024 upsurge has seen cases spreading beyond these endemic areas, indicating potential changes in the virus’s transmission dynamics.

Figure 1: Structure of Mpox virus 

Symptoms

The symptoms of Mpox typically begin with a fever, intense headache, muscle aches, back pain, and lymphadenopathy (swelling of the lymph nodes), followed by the development of a characteristic rash. The rash often starts on the face before spreading to other parts of the body. The lesions progress through several stages: macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, and finally crusts, which eventually fall off. The rash is often painful and can leave scars. In some cases, complications such as secondary infections, bronchopneumonia, sepsis, encephalitis, and loss of vision due to corneal involvement may occur.

Figure 2: Symptoms of Mpox

Consequences

The resurgence of Mpox in 2024 has significant public health implications. Although the mortality rate of Mpox is lower than that of smallpox, it remains a cause for concern, especially in immunocompromised individuals, pregnant women, and children. The spread of the virus to non-endemic regions has strained healthcare systems, particularly in countries unaccustomed to dealing with outbreaks of this nature. The economic consequences are also notable, with the disruption of trade, travel, and local economies. Social stigma and fear have further exacerbated the situation, leading to the isolation of affected individuals and communities.

Figure 3: Appearance of Rashes on Skin 

Prevention and Protection

Prevention of Mpox involves several strategies, including vaccination, public awareness campaigns, and the implementation of strict hygiene measures. The smallpox vaccine, which also offers cross-protection against Mpox, has been reintroduced in some regions as part of emergency vaccination campaigns. Avoiding contact with animals that may harbour the virus, such as rodents and primates, is crucial, especially in endemic areas. Healthcare workers are advised to use personal protective equipment (PPE) when treating suspected cases to prevent nosocomial transmission. Public health authorities have also emphasised the importance of early detection and isolation of cases to curb the spread of the virus.

Figure 4: Testing of Mpox virus 

WHO Response

The WHO has been at the forefront of the global response to the 2024 Mpox outbreak. It has coordinated international efforts to track the spread of the virus, provided technical support to affected countries, and facilitated the distribution of vaccines and antiviral treatments. The WHO has also launched a global awareness campaign to educate the public about Mpox, aiming to dispel myths and reduce stigma. In addition, the organisation has been working with governments to strengthen surveillance and response systems, ensuring that countries are better prepared to handle future outbreaks.

Figure 5: Monkeypox Vaccine

The upsurge of Mpox in 2024 serves as a reminder of the ever-present threat of zoonotic diseases and the need for robust public health infrastructures. Through early detection, vaccination, and global cooperation, the spread of Mpox can be controlled. The WHO’s proactive response highlights the importance of international collaboration in addressing emerging health threats. However, continued vigilance and investment in healthcare systems are essential to prevent further outbreaks and protect global health.

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